药食用精油在不同食品中的防腐保鲜效果
公众号极客无教授致力于研发和科普芳香植物与健康美食,主要围绕芳香疗法、香精香料、健康美食三大主题推出专题推文开展研发分享与科普宣传;同时介绍自己30年来微胶囊技术和20多年来天然香料方面的研究。
1、肉类及肉制品
百里香、牛至、丁香、香菜等精油可显著减少肉的初始活菌数,从而有效控制肉的变质【1】。根据研究,肉类脂肪会影响精油的生物活性【2】。肉类保鲜栅栏技术的实施涉及利用精油与新型包装技术相结合以提高精油的保存潜力【3】。一项研究证明了牛至精油在气调包装中的应用,以延长新鲜鸡胸肉在冷藏温度下的保质期。两种不同的精油浓度(即0.1和1%重量比),在两种不同的气调包装(即30:70,CO2:N2)和(70:30,CO2:N2)中进行了测试,结果表明1%牛至精油在25天的试验研究中,在两种气调条件下都有更好的结果,且试验期间1%的精油使菌落数量保持在临界水平以下(7 log cfu/g)【4】。在一项96小时的储存研究中,Satureja horvattii精油(百里香酚和p-伞花烃)显示了抗李斯特菌作用,有效促进猪肉保存【5】。另一项研究证明,当应用于肉类和肉制品时,鼠尾草酸和百里香酚可渗透并积聚在肌肉纤维中,从而为肉类提供长期抗微生物的作用【6】。
2、海产品
脂肪以类似于肉类和肉制品的方式降低海鲜中精油的生物活性潜力。根据一份报告,0.05%的牛至精油在鳕鱼片中的抗明亮发光杆菌效果优于鲑鱼,因为鲑鱼的脂肪含量更高【1】。大量研究证明,精油组合的协同作用可提高其在富含脂肪的海产品的抗微生物活性【7】。对鱼肉汉堡的贮藏研究表明,百里香酚、葡萄柚籽和柠檬精油分别以0.11%、0.10%和0.12%的浓度混合后,其保质期可提高40%;进一步评价了这些精油在气调包装中的组合效果,研究人员使用了三种不同的气调(5:95 O2:CO2, 50:50 CO2:O2和30:40:30 N2:CO2:O2),发现抑制产品中温细菌很有效【8】。
3、乳制品
在乳制品中,d-柠檬烯、无萜酸橙精油、香叶醇和松油醇可以控制假单胞菌、大肠杆菌、肠炎沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。在一项体外研究中,松油醇与柑橘精油联合使用以延长乳的保存期,但牛奶中脂肪含量显著降低了松油醇的抑菌能力,所以松油醇在脱脂奶中效果最好(7 log cfu/mL),其次是低脂奶(4 log cfu/mL),而在全脂奶中效果最差(3 log cfu/mL)。研究发现,直接使用百里香精油及其纳米乳剂可以有效控制受污染牛奶样品中的革兰氏阳性细菌(海氏肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和地衣芽孢杆菌),而且牛奶的理化特性也得到了改善【2】。一项类似的研究证明,百里香、丁香和肉桂精油在浓度为0.5%时,极大地控制了低脂奶酪中肠炎链球菌的生长,不过添加这些精油改变了奶酪的感官【9】。Yangilar和Yildiz对益生菌酸奶添加姜精油(0.2%)和洋甘菊精油(0.4%)进行了化学、微生物和感官评估,结果表明添加0.4%姜精油的酸奶菌落数为8.01 cfu/mL,不添加姜精油的为8.32 cfu/mL,在酸奶中加入洋甘菊和姜精油因其强大的抗菌和抗氧化性能而增强了酸奶保存效果【10】。在另一项研究中,Jemma等人将纳米技术用于牛奶保存,制备了百里香精油纳米乳液,并将其加入超高温(UHT)处理的半脱脂牛奶中,所得产品改善了生理和微生物特性,控制了变质微生物的生长和增殖,从而提高了UHT处理的半脱脂牛奶的氧化和发酵稳定性【11】。这项研究证明了一个事实,即天然防腐剂,如精油,与人工防腐剂相比,效果更好。
4、果蔬食品
在巴氏杀菌果汁中,细菌酶是腐败的主要原因。在甜瓜汁、梨汁和苹果汁中添加柠檬草、生姜等精油,已被发现对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和李斯特菌有效【12】。经过进一步研究,Raybaudi Massilia等人发现,使用苹果酸与姜辣素、柠檬醛和丁香酚结合使用,可以提高新鲜Pieldesapo甜瓜的品质【13】。在一项为期21天的研究中发现,含有精油的海藻酸盐涂膜保鲜食品对肠炎沙门氏菌有效【14】。在另一项研究中,用含牛至、柠檬草和香草精油海藻酸盐浸渍涂膜延长了富士苹果的保质期,0.3% w/w香草精油低温可保持其感官21天【15】。肉桂醛和百里香酚保护紫花苜蓿种子免受沙门氏菌污染【16】。另一项研究表明,牛至精油(7~21μL/g)处理的茄子沙拉对大肠杆菌O157:H7污染有抑制作用。
5、谷物食品
在面包中,主要的货架寿命限制是由于真菌引起腐败变质,特别是由霉菌引起的。Rehman等人的研究,将柑橘皮精油喷在面包上阻碍微生物的生长,达到防腐保鲜效果【17】。一项对新鲜苋菜面食的研究证明,在冷藏条件下,天然生物活性化合物柠檬烯、壳聚糖和百里香酚在浓度为2000ppm和4000ppm时可以有效控制微生物【8】。有研究发现牛至、百里香和罗勒精油对大米类食品中蜡样芽孢杆菌活性的抑制作用【18】。在活性包装设计中,用肉桂精油改善气调包装抑制面包片中微生物的生长,延长了无麸质切片面包的保质期,从而改善面包的感官质量【19】。草药和香辛料精油的抗菌和抗氧化潜力,如鼠尾草、迷迭香、茴香和黑孜然精油和酚类化合物,已被发现对革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌有效,以延长一些烘焙产品的保质期【20】。
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